This review is intended to aid both novices and experts in the search of such information. Poor body condition is a common presenting sign in amphibians, and nutritional support of the animal can be critical. Indications and contraindications for assisted feeding in amphibians will be discussed, focusing on adult anurans (e.g., frogs, toads) and urodelans or caudates (e.g., salamanders, newts, sirens). Support can include restoring hydration, syringe feeding a liquid diet, force-feeding prey items to larger amphibians, and encouragement of free feeding.

The anesthetic of choice for amphibian surgery is tricaine methanesulfonate (MS-222). Postoperative recommendations include fluids, nutritional support if necessary, and analgesia. If euthanasia is required, MS222 overdose or pentobarbital injection are the preferred methods. Blood samples can also be analyzed for genetic, toxicological, and stable isotopes and for disease in general or for the presence of specific infectious diseases (Bulté et al. 2006). Challenges of amphibian venipuncture include the small sizes of specimens with few available venipuncture sites . Non-invasive or minimally invasive sampling methods are preferable when working with endangered or declining amphibian species (Pidancier et al. 2003).

This recovery plan details the decline, possible threats, and current and proposed monitoring, research and management actions required for recovery of these species. The estimated total cost of implementing this plan is $1.3 million and involves the co-operative efforts of community groups, researchers, land managers and funding agencies. The action plan for Mantella cowanii is the logical extension of the first action plan developed 10 years ago for a period of five years for the conservation of this species. The experiences and lessons learned from the implementation of this first plan, the gaps in fill and the negative development of the situation from the foreground, require revision of strategy. In the early 1990s, a significant portion of the range of the endemic Romer’s Tree Frog Chirixalus romeri was threatened by the construction of the new international airport in Hong Kong. Melbourne Zoo, Australia, partnered with The University of Hong Kong to establish a captive breeding program as part of a broader conservation initiative to secure the species in the wild.

The actions identified will be undertaken or managed by the Victorian Department of Sustainability and Environment, Parks Victoria, Mt Baw Baw Alpine Resort Management Board, Amphibian Research Centre, James Cook University and selected external consultants. Successfully achieving the objectives of this Recovery Plan is subject to budgetary and other constraints affecting the parties involved. The plan may also be subject to amendments in the event of new information, or following recommended changes by the Baw Baw Frog Recovery Team. The aim of this EU SAP is to support the development of national or local action plans and conservation measures as appropriate. The information and proposed conservation actions presented in this EU SAP have been prepared in consultation with a group of species experts from all countries in the midwife toad’s distribution range, as well as through a review of available literature.

Some amphibians have never reproduced in captivity without hormones and using hormonal induction many species can be reproduced at will. Lunar cycles give rise to cues that can be recognized by animals, including changes in light intensity, geomagnetism and gravity. Many environmental variables affect reproductive timing in amphibians and we tested the hypothesis that lunar cycles provide one of the cues for amphibian breeding phenology. Habitat use by animals often reflects the balance between conflicting demands such as foraging and avoiding predation. Environmental stressors such as temperature can also affect habitat use in many organisms, particularly in ectothermic animals. For example, warm, shallow thermal regimes in ponds can optimize growth and developmental rate of amphibian larvae but may also expose larvae to potentially harmful levels of ultraviolet B radiation.

The aim of these guidelines is to provide practical guidance on evaluating the suitability and requirements of an ex situ component for achieving species conservation objectives. They should not be misconstrued as promoting ex situ management over any other form of conservation action, and specific elements should not be selected in isolation to justify ex situ management for conservation. These guidelines replace the 2002 IUCN Technical Guidelines on the Management of Ex Situ Populations for Conservation.

This document constitutes the revision of the first Recovery Plan for the Baw Baw Frog in Australia. The plan assesses the performance of the previous plan, and considers the future conservation, management and research requirements for the species. It identifies conservation https://1investing.in/ objectives, the actions to be taken to ensure the species’ long-term survival prospects across its distribution, and the parties responsible for their implementation. It also identifies criteria for which the success of implementation of actions will be assessed.

The tutorials are designed as an introduction, rather than a complete summary of all topics regarding amphibian medicine, and additional resources are listed in each tutorial. Tutorials can be viewed as a stand-alone course, but will also be helpful for reviewing concepts taught at various amphibian husbandry and medicine workshops given around the world by organizations such as the AZA and the Amphibian Ark. The development and refinement of amphibian medicine comprise an ongoing science that reflects the unique life history Iraq Petroleum Company of these animals and our growing knowledge of amphibian diseases. Amphibians are notoriously fastidious in terms of captive care requirements, and the majority of diseases of amphibians maintained in captivity will relate directly or indirectly to husbandry and management. This document constitutes the national recovery plan for the booroolong frog in Australia. It identifies actions to be undertaken to ensure the long-term viability of the species in nature, and current stakeholders involved in this recovery program.

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The fifth edition of the Global Re-introduction Perspectives, published by the IUCN/SSC Re-introduction Specialist Group, contains a wide array of projects ranging from corals to amphibians, crocodiles to condors and African lions to many plant species. This shows that reintroduction projects are never easy and require careful planning and implementation to succeed. However, projects, which have not been successful for one reason or another, provide valuable learning experience, so that those shortcomings could be avoided. This document prioritises research on threatened species in South Africa so that scarce resources can be most effectively utilised to understand and reduce threats to the amazing frog diversity found in the country. The first chapter provides a general introduction on global and local amphibian decline, with the remaining chapters covering research priorities for taxonomy, conservation, monitoring and public awareness. Lastly, an appendix provides an update of the Red List with IUCN criteria for all threatened South African amphibians.

• More frequent supplementation resulted in significantly more radiopaque endolymphatic sacs and broader skulls.
• One such technology is genetic resource banking and applied reproductive technologies for species that are difficult to reproduce reliably in captivity.
• The first chapter provides a general introduction on global and local amphibian decline, with the remaining chapters covering research priorities for taxonomy, conservation, monitoring and public awareness.
• Compared with traditional systems, the raising of larvae at high densities has the potential to produce these large numbers of larvae in smaller spaces and to reduce costs.
• We conducted a series of laboratory and field experiments to test the hypothesis that larval amphibians avoid UVB by selecting microhabitats with lower exposure to UVB.

This has resulted in the failure of some ex situ projects and is likely to affect many future initiatives. Publication biases away from natural history and amphibian-specific research, the inaccessibility of data in academic literature for conservation institutions and lack of time for preparative surveys before ‘rescue’ attempts are largely responsible for this data deficit. In many cases, conservation groups must collect their own data where existing information is insufficient. We suggest important parameters to record in the field and discuss the importance of considering the microclimates in which wild amphibians live when determining the methodology of recording parameters. Furthermore, we highlight the important role that public databases should fulfil to store and disseminate data. All in all, this perspective piece demonstrates the need for natural history data and outlines a road map for their efficient collection and for their practical integration into conservation programmes.

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Guidance is almost non-existent as to suitable levels of UV lighting for reptiles and amphibians, or how to achieve satisfactory UV gradients using artificial lighting. The UV-Tool is a working document that seeks to address this problem, by considering the range of UV experienced by each species in the wild. The UV-Tool contains an editable and expanding database of the microhabitat requirements and basking behaviour of reptile and amphibian species, as derived from field studies, or inferred from observed behaviour in captivity. Since an animal’s UV-B exposure is determined by its behaviour within its native microhabitat, estimation of its natural range of daily UV-B exposure is then possible. The current version of the UV-Tool assigns 254 species to each of four ‘zones’ of UV-B exposure based upon UV-index measurements. Once the likely UV requirement of any species of reptile or amphibian is ascertained, the next step is to plan safe but effective UV gradients within the captive environment.

This manual has been designed to assist those concerned with the good management of invertebrate species destined as a captive live food resource, especially, but not exclusively, in zoos and aquaria. These guidelines cover the breeding and rearing methods for twenty three invertebrate species with supplementary information on invertebrate health and nutritional elements. Over 17 years of experience providing technology transformation services for over 200 clients. Extensive experience serving Fortune 500 companies, SMBs, and non-profits with a trusted global delivery model. The AVP of Professional Services will work alongside the Head of Services, Support and Customer Success to define and deliver our PS strategy and KPIs.

Kaupiiis not only the first record of infection in a wild aquatic caecilian but also in a caecilian of neotropical origin. To improve our understanding of the impact of Bdon caecilians,Bdisolates should be obtained from wild caecilians in order to ascertain what lineages ofBdinfect this order. In addition, more wild individuals should be subjected toBddiagnostic surveys, including in Asia where caecilians have not yet been subject to such surveys.

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This document is a strategic plan of action for ARAZPA institutions to respond to the current conservation crisis facing amphibians. Its intent is to provide direction for zoological institutions to increase their capacity in amphibian ex situ management in ways that maximise their ability to support amphibian conservation priorities. This Plan has been prepared in consultation with the ARAZPA Reptile & Amphibian TAG, external regional and global expertise in ex situ amphibian management, and the broader amphibian conservation and research community.

It was here that the China Amphibian Conservation Action Plan was initiated and formulated. We hope that this book is a contribution to the knowledge and protection of bio-diversity. The genus Ambystoma is made up of 33 described species, which are distributed in North America from southwest Alaska and southern Canada to the Mexican Highlands (Pough et al., 2001). In the particular case of Mexico there are 17 species distributed in the northeast and center of the country; of these, 16 are endemic, which represents more than 85% of the total Ambystoma species that inhabit Mexico (Parra-Olea et al., 2014). Of the 16 endemic species, 15 are listed in some risk category; three are classified as threatened and the remaining twelve as subject to special protection .

In this manuscript, we describe and summarize the outcomes of this workshop with regards the identified gaps in knowledge, identified priorities for closing these gaps, and compile a list of actions to address these priorities. Amphibians are a very diverse group of vertebrates; however, in general their feeding is opportunistic with food up to gape width being ingested. Amphibians such as frogs and toads only target moving prey and prefer elongated prey such as crickets or insect larvae that move across their field of vision. However, many aquatic amphibians will target food by scent and will consume inert food. For those animals that are purely insectivorous, the nutrient concentrations of the food source are vitally important for the health and welfare of the animal, particularly the Ca to P ratio.

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As amphibian populations continue to decline, both government and non-government organisations are establishing captive assurance colonies to secure populations deemed at risk of extinction if left in the wild. For the most part, little is known about the nutritional ecology, reproductive biology or husbandry needs of the animals placed into captive breeding programs. Academic and zoo scientists are beginning to examine different technologies for maintaining the genetic diversity of founder populations brought out of the wild before the animals become extinct from rapidly spreading epizootic diseases. One such technology is genetic resource banking and applied reproductive technologies for species that are difficult to reproduce reliably in captivity. The global amphibian crisis and current un-mitigatable threats make ex situ programmes a crucial complementary action for the conservation of many amphibians.

Chytridiomycosis caused by the chytrid fungusBatrachochytrium salamandrivorans poses a serious threat to urodelan diversity worldwide. Antimycotic treatment of this disease using protocols developed for the related fungusBatrachochytrium dendrobatidis, results in therapeutic failure. Here, we reveal that this therapeutic failure is partly due to different minimum inhibitory concentrations of antimycotics againstBsalandBd. In vitro growth inhibition ofBsaloccurs after exposure to voriconazole, polymyxin E, itraconazole and terbinafine but not to florfenicol.

The most likely primary threat driving harlequin toad declines is the lethal disease chytridiomycosis, caused by the amphibian chytrid fungus, Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis. Disease-induced declines may be further exacerbated by anthropogenic threats such as habitat loss and degradation, the effects of climate change, and the inherent risks of having very small distributions. As of 2021, approximately 40% of Atelopus species have disappeared from their known localities and have not been seen since the early 2000s despite efforts to find them.

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Fallax in maximising the effectiveness of the captive management of the species. Some methods are based on administration of mammalian hormones such as human chorionic gonadotropin, which are not effective in many frogs. There is a need for simple, cost-effective alternative techniques to induce spawning. Both sexes are injected only once and at the same time, reducing handling stress. We wrote this manual to coincide with of series of workshops sponsored by the United States National Science Foundation. The workshops were inspired by the need to coordinate efforts among herpetologists, government agencies, and environmental organizations in light of recent, widespread reports of population declines and extinctions of amphibians in Latin America.

The mountain chicken frog is among the 42 % of amphibians threatened with extinction and is dependent upon ex situ populations to recover in the wild. Amphibian captive husbandry is not fully understood and empirical data are required to optimise protocols for each species in captivity. Calcium metabolism and homeostasis are areas of importance in captive husbandry research and have been identified as a challenge in maintaining ex situ populations of L. We trialled two frequencies of calcium supplementation via dusting of feeder insects in two groups of L. Fallax juveniles and measured growth and health effects through morphometrics, radiography, ultrasonography and blood and faecal analysis over 167 days, followed by a further 230 days of monitoring on an intermediate diet informed by the initial dataset. We showed that supplementation treatment did not affect growth or health status as measured through blood analysis, radiography and ultrasonography.